Papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential


Mircea O. Mariusz Z. Kevin R. Stephen P.

  • N] Neoplasm al articulației șoldului Our study evaluates the behavior of these tumors occurring as primary urinary bladder lesions.
  • В Диаспаре никто никогда не спешил, и даже Олвин редко нарушал это правило.

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  • Neoplasm al articulației șoldului
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Richard J. Florian Strasser Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland Prof.

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Elizabeta C. Stanculeanu D.

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General Aspects part I Enachescu C. All rights are reserved. For total or partial reproduction, and in any form, printed or electronic, or distribution of materials published is required only with the written consent of the publisher. The responsibility of original content of published articles belongs to original authors. Every interviewed person responds entirely for their statements.

Also the buyers of advertised space are responsible for information included in their advertisements. În cele mai multe cazuri, evoluţia afecţiunilor neoplazice este silenţioasă, existând simptome doar atunci când masa tumorală este extinsă, creând astfel dereglări în funcţionalitatea organelor sau sistemelor în care apare. Tratamentul cancerelor presupune o abordare extinsă, multidisciplinară, cuprinzând echipe de medici specialişti în funcţie de localizarea acestora în organismoncologi, radioterapeuţi, chirurgi, fiecare având un rol bine stabilit în funcţie de tipul cancerului, stadiu şi afecţiunile asociate ale pacientului.

Tratamentele adiacente necesare în managementul afecţiunilor neoplazice au drept obiectiv asigurarea confortului pacientului, ameliorarea anumitor simptome sau a unor reacţii adverse cauzate de tratamentele specifice.

Printre acestea se numără tratamentul durerii, al infecţiilor din cursul chimioterapiei, controlul simptomelor cauzate de tumorile cerebrale, tratamentul tulburărilor organelor afectate de evoluţia cancerului etc.

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Astfel, managementului pacienţilor oncologici trebuie orientat către dezvoltarea de teste diagnostice care să depisteze cancerul în formele cele mai precoce, de tehnici superioare de radioterapie, noi tehnici chirurgicale şi molecule antitumorale. De la teorie la practică. Drumul Odăi, Nr. Tomosinteza sânului este o tehnologie nouă în lupta împotriva cancerului de sân care permite medicilor să examineze ţesutul sânului strat cu strat.

În timpul examinarii 3D - tomosinteză braţul de raze X se deplasează într-o uşoară curbă peste sân, făcând multiple fotografii ale sânului în doar câteva secunde.

Se foloseşte un nivel foarte redus de radiaţii pentru ca expunerea să fie similara cu cea a unei mamografii tradiţionale. După aceea, computerul creează o imagine tridimensională a ţesutului mamar în straturi de 1 milimetru.

Intr- o imagine 2D suprapunerea de tesut poate ascunde structuri si poate duce la erori de diagnostic. Mamografia 3D elimina efectul suprapunerii de tesut. Acum radiologul poate vizualiza în detaliu ţesutul mamar într-un mod care până acum nu era posibil.

În loc să vizualizeze toate complexităţile ţesutului mamar pe o imagine în plan, acum medicul poate analiza ţesutul milimetru cu milimetru. Cele mai mici detalii sunt mai clar vizibile, nemaifiind ascunse de ţesuturi. Primul sistem cu tomosinteza din tara a fost instalat in septembrie la Institutul Oncologic Cluj. Şef Lucrări Dr. Lucia Stănculeanu1,2 , Dr. Daniela Zob2 1. Dana Lucia Stanculeanu Email: dlstanculeanu gmail.

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Rom J Oncol Hematol. Two randomized phase III clinical studies looked for verifying this concept through the dual blockade of the HER2new receptor by associating two molecules: Trastuzumab and Lapatinib. Breast cancer remains the main cause of morbidity through cancer within the global female population. An other major element comprised the change in the assessment of the clinical studies Stanculeanu D.

Med ; The two papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential presented at ASCO by Olivia Pagani, try to solve the ovarian suppression antinomyand to answer to the question if the adjuvant aromatase inhibitors treatment in women at premenopause specifically Exemestanum and ovarian suppression improve DFS disease free survival compared to Papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential and ovarian suppression.

The both are phase III multicentric clinical studies that aim to show which is the optimum endocrine adjuvant treatment for the women at papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential. In both studies the recurrence was due to the secondary determinations papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential tissue, bones or internal organs. The mean follow-up period was of 5,7 years. The Kaplan - Meyer curves showed an improvement in an absolute value of 3.

The differences show up in time so that in the first 5 years the most aggressive tumors begin to proliferate, which would explain the benefit of aromatase inhibitors in the very aggressive tumors no matter the menopausal status. Forest plot analysis shows a minimum benefit for the patients that were chemotherapy treated in TEXT study.

Although the difference in absolute value is small 5. Within this subgroup DFS at 5 years was of So, if one patient out of three had recurrence in the Tamoxifen group, for the Exemestan group only one out of six showed recurrence. An other subgroup was that of the patients age over 40 patients who after chemotherapy remained in premenopause.

Bycontrast was the subgroup of women of median age over 46 that recieved chemotherapy, were at perimenopause and for whom the ovarian suppression brought no benefit and where Tamoxifen alone can be considered sufficient. If the ESMO presentation advised for caution and to wait for the final results of the SOFT study,respectively for the Tamoxifen treated subgroup SABCS confirmed through the final results that Tamoxifen with ovarian suppression is more effective than Tamoxifen alone and Exemestan with ovarian suppression is more effective than Tamoxifen and ovarian suppression.

With these results transmitted at the end of there can discussed a new therapeutic standard for women below 35 years and with high reccurence risk for whom the ovarian suppression and the intake of Exemestan increase DFS, but with toxicities that must be known. Conclusively these results create a dilemma: on one hand changing the clinical approach with the well known risk of adverse reactions or on the other hand waiting for a 10 year long period of following that confirms hpv high risk infektion results.

The only criticism brought on the study is the small number of patients.

Diagnostic Pathology: Cytopathology

HER2new positive breast cancer treatment brought up into discussion the role of the neoadjuvant treatment in complete pathological response and the transposition of this concept into OS increase.

Two randomized phase III clinical papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential looked for verifying this concept through the dual blockade of the HER2new receptor by associating two molecules: Trastuzumab, a humanisedmonoclonal antibody and a small moleculetyrosine schistosomiasis features inhibitor, Lapatinib.

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The explanation is probably because of the too short follow-up interval and of the small number of recorded events. Concerning the HER2 positive metastatic disease treatment two molecules changed the guidelines: Pertuzumab and TrastuzumabEtamsine.

The patients treated in the first line with the association TrastuzumabPertuzumabDocetaxel had a survival of Another question launched by this study is if Docetaxel is the only effective partner of the combination or if the treatment is effective also after disease progression.

papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential

The second molecule that produced changes in HER2 metastatic disease guideline is Trastuzumabemtasine Kadcylaan antibody conjugated with a drug that releases DM1 right in the HER2 overexpressed cell.

This treatment can be this way an option for the patients progressing under a year from the adjuvant Trastuzumab therapy. THERESA study represents the second study in which the TDM1 treatment proves its efficacy in the third line of treatment on the metastatic disease patients that progressed after two lines of treatment with Trastuzumab, Lapatinib and a taxan, having as main objective progression free survival PFS defined by an investigator, overall survival OS and secondary objectives overall response rate ORR defined by the investigator and treatment safety.

Other molecules with a potential papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential in treating HER2new metastatic breast cancer: Neratinib HKIoral irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Ramucirumaban antibody that acts on the receptor 2 of VEGF that inhibits angiogenesis or new chemotherapics such as Eribulin. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Abstract LBA4. The association between event-free survival and pathological complete response to neoadjuvantlapatinib, trastuzumab, or their combination in HER2-positive breast cancer.

Abstract S National Cancer Institute website. Updated June 1, Accessed June 1, Trial overview. ALTTO trial website.

Lapatinib clinical trial update [press release]. September 9, Pagani O, et al. Adjuvant exemestane with ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer.

NEJM early online. June 1, ASCO late breaking abstract  1. TEXT: Clinicaltrials.

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SOFT: Clinicaltrials. Francis, M. Papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential, Sc. Fleming, M. Bonnefoi, M. Climent, M. Burstein, M. Davidson, M. Walley, M. Ingle, M. Winer, M. Price, B. Coates, M. Gelber, Ph. ASCO Guidelines 9. In the last decade, the Oligometastasis, a subgroup of few and slowly progressive metastasis that can be successfully controlled by local therapies, has been identified. The Oligometastases origins can be possibly explained by clonal origin theory, based on the tumor heterogeneity or by the sequential development theory, based on progressive evolution of cellular genetic alterations, based on progressive accumulation of genetic anomalies in the tumor cells.

The metastatic cascade include the intravasation, the access of tumor cells into the papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential, the intravascular passage and, for the detoxifiere cu homeopatie tumoral cells, the extravasation phase and colonisation of the host tissue.

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The distinction between Oligo- and Poly-metastatic state can be done on microRNA analysis, an up-regulated micro-RNAs defining a slow progressive tumore, corresponding to the oligometastatic phenotype. The surgery metastasectomyradiofrequence and stereotactic radiotherapy are therapeutic options for the local control of oligometastasis. Oligometastasis: New Paradigm in Practical Oncology. În ultimul deceniu s-a identificat un subgrup de metastaze, numite oligometastaze, leziuni limitate ca papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential şi cu progresie lentă, ce pot fi controlate prin tratament local eficace.

Originea oligometastazelor poate fi explicată eventual prin teoria originii clonale, bazată pe heterogenitatea tumorii primitive sau prin teoria dezvoltării secvenţiale, care pune accentul pe acumularea progresivă a anomaliilor genetice la nivelul celulelor tumorale. Etapele metastazării sunt intravazarea, adică accesul celulelor tumorale în reţeaua vasculară, pasajul intra-vascular şi, pentru celulele tumorale papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential supravieţuiesc, extravazarea şi colonizarea testului gazdă.

Distincţia între oligo- şi polimetastaze se poate face prin analiza microARN-ului, supraexprimarea acestuia fiind în favoarea unei tumori lent evolutive ce corespunde cu fenotipul de oligometastază.

Chirurgia metastazectomiatratamentul prin radio-frecvenţa şi radioterapia stereotactică sunt opţiunile terapeutice în tratamentul oligometastazelor. Enachescu C. Figure 1. Metastatic Propensity. The cell-of origins Model. Tumor metastasis: moving new biological insights into the clinic. Nature Medecine 19, —with permission Described in by Hellman and Weichselbaum, the Oligometastasis state is considered an intermediate state between localized disease and widespread metastases, defined by a limited number of metastatic tumours involving a single or few organs.

The Oligometastases have specific biological properties that make them potentially amenable to locoregional antitumor therapy, so that local control of all metastatic lesions leads to a longterm patient survival. The clonal origin theory clonal selection hypothesis is based on tumour heterogeneity, which refers to the presence in the same tumour, of distinct geographic regions containing different cell clones, clones which express distinct cellular behaviour including the metastatic potential.

The sequential development theory regards the metastatic process as a continuous progression from oligoto polymetastatic disease, process in which mutations and chromosomal rearrangements accumulate gradually.

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The cell-of-origins model presumes that the same oncogenic alterations, when occurring in different cells different cell types or different cellular differentiation stages of the same cell type produce different effects and may lead to distinct metastatic behaviours. Regarding the oncogenic driver-mutation model, the same cell hit by different oncogenic driver mutations can give rise to tumours with distinct metastatic potential, dissemination patterns or both.

In fact, for a 1 ml tumour volume, the real number of tumour clonogens is less than   due to other components, such as stroma, April 19 Oligometastasis: New Paradigm in Practical Oncology.

General Aspects part I Figure 2. The Oncogenic-driver mutation Model. Nature Medecine 19, —with permission blood, differentiated nonclonogenic cells or macrophages, which furthermore contribute to the tumour inverted papilloma with squamous cell carcinoma. A high propensity increases hpv virus mannen behandeling absolute likelihood that a tumour will produce metastases despite its modest size and inversely, a tumour with a low propensity for metastasis will be large before shedding its first papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential.

The first step is the intravasation, which implies the access of tumour cells into the vasculature of lymphatic and blood systems.

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In order to be able to migrate, the tumour cells undergo a reversible papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential called Epithelial— Mesenchymal Transition or EMT, that enables carcinomatous to lose their epithelial properties, such as cell polarity and cell-to-cell adhesion, in order to gain mesenchymal characteristics, enhancing migration and invasion.

Moreover, tumour cells can undergo apoptosis and die, which means that less than 0. Tumour cell extravasation may how does a wart virus spread across intercellular junctions between adjacent endothelial cells paracellular route or by direct penetration through the body of a single endothelial cell transcellular route.

Figure 3. Dissemination and growth of cancer cells in metastatic sites. Nat Rev Cancer. This theory is argued by the evidence that the first organ encountered is the principal site of tumour cell arrest, and therefore it will possess the highest number of metastases. An example is the liver as a common site of haematogenous metastases caused by tumours arising in the gastrointestinal tract due to the unique venous drainage that takes place through the portal venous system.

In the first phase early phase after the seeding, the clonogenic cells grow fast with only a brief deceleration, at the time of initiation of neovascularization.

In the second phase late phasethe micro-metastases continue to growth exponentially. Bone Metastases There are two types of bone marrow tissue, red marrow containing hematopoietic stem cells HSC and yellow marrow, mainly consisting of fat cells.

The first step papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential the metastatic cascade is the attraction of tumour cells to the bone papillary urothelial tumor of low malignant potential the action of different cytokines, Osteopontin a protein implicated in bone remodellingOsteonectin a protein that induces the matrix metalloproteinase production and activity, an important step in bone invasion by cancer cells and Stromal-Derived Factor-1 SDF1 or CXCL12, a strong chemotactic cytokine recruiting endothelial progenitor cells, and playing an important role in neoangiogenesis and cancer cell attraction.

The ratio between the diameter of lung capillaries 4 μm and tumor cells 20 μm explains why the adhesion molecules may not play an important role for tumour cell arrest in this organ.