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You are here: Practice nurses The ethics of assisted suicide 18 February, By NT Contributor Society is now recognising and accepting that human hpv high risk quest has hpv high risk quest natural end and that, as such, it should not be preserved simply because a treatment exists. Human rights legislation in the form of the Human Rights Act has enhanced the debate. Article 2, the Right to Life see Fig 1 indicates that the issue is not just about being alive, it is also about how we may reject the right to life, and indeed die.

Early intwo cases relating to end-of-life decisions were debated in the UK courts.

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The first case was that of Miss B, a year-old lady who became paralysed in following a bleed into her spinal column. She was ventilator-dependent, with no hope of recovery or cure.

She hpv high risk quest to the court to demand that doctors stop treating her against her will. Following a High Court judgement, her wish to be allowed human papillomavirus especially strains 16 and 18 die was granted and she died peacefully in her sleep following the disconnection of the ventilator that kept her alive Kmietowicz, Another, but very different, case was that of Dianne Pretty who, suffering from advanced motor neurone disease, petitioned the courts to be allowed to die with dignity.

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She asked the High Court in London to grant her husband immunity from prosecution if he assisted her to die. Its ruling in April outlawed the idea, stating that conceding to the request would undermine the protection of future life Dyer, The euthanasia debate was fuelled once again in January this year when year-old Reginald Crew, also with motor neurone disease, felt compelled to take drastic action about his wish to die and travelled to Switzerland in his quest.

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Mr Crew was assisted to die by the non-profit Swiss organisation Dignitas. Medical staff, having deemed him competent to make such a decision, prescribed a lethal dose of barbiturates. He ended his life in a flat in Zurich with his wife and hpv high risk quest at his side. Mrs Crew now faces the uncertainty of whether or not she will face prosecution regarding the death.

These three cases are not the first, nor will they be the last, to be debated with reference to how we choose to die.

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No other health care topic captures the imagination more than ethico-legal decisions at the end of life. But all three cases highlight that we cannot continue to ignore what is occurring both at home and abroad.

There are few certainties in life, but one that we will hpv high risk quest have to come to terms with, at some time or another, is that of our own hpv high risk quest. For many, the thought of death may not be disturbing, but the way in which we die and the events leading up to our death might be.

It is upholding the principle of autonomous choice with reference to where, when, and the manner in which they die. Why should it be wrong for someone to ask for assistance with the process of dying and be aided to a peaceful and dignified death?

It is essential that as a society we acknowledge that health care should be seen not only as an intervention necessary to extend life hpv high risk quest also as an important factor in how someone dies.

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The ethical principle virus hpv e tumore alla gola autonomy is advanced by many as being central to the decision-making process, particularly with relation to health care. But the principle of autonomy may conflict with other ethical principles such as beneficence and non-maleficence.

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Professionals have a duty to do good and to do no harm. The principle of autonomy, however, ensures that people have the freedom to make judgements and decisions and to act on them.

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A health care professional, therefore, is obligated to hpv high risk quest autonomous choice, respecting not only how people choose to live their lives but hpv high risk quest the manner in which they choose to die.

History shows that controversies about end-of-life decisions are not new; they are as old as medicine itself. In ancient Greece and Rome there hpv high risk quest no objection to the practice of assisted suicide; indeed many physicians regarded it as part of their role.

If patients could convince the senate that there was good reason for ending their life, the physician would provide a lethal drug thus ending their suffering. However, with the rise of organised religion the practice of assisted suicide was rejected, sanctity of human life being cited as the reason: what God has given, only God can take away. It could be argued, therefore, that this approach is no longer acceptable.

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The origins of modern discussion and political conflict over right-to-die issues began in this country in the late 19th century when a number of intellectuals proposed assisted suicide for the hopelessly ill Glick, The debate came to a head in when a well-respected public health official in England presented a scholarly review of hpv high risk quest history of euthanasia and suicide, ending with a forceful recommendation that assisted suicide be legalised in Britain.

This did not happen, but the debate continues some 70 years on, with several unsuccessful attempts to change the law regarding assisted suicide. Following the Dianne Pretty hpv high risk quest, the government reiterated its stance on assisted suicide; however, public opinion polls after the case showed that more than 80 per cent of the public support a change in the law.

Perhaps now is the time for the government to regulate medically assisted death. They have, to date, chosen to steer away from officially condoning it or to taking steps to control it, believing that the public see health care professionals as people who save life, not people who hasten the dying process. However, the General Medical Council is expected to produce new guidelines soon on end-of-life decisions in relation to withholding or withdrawing life-prolonging medical treatment BMA, As discussed above, UK law outlaws the provision of the means to help another person to die.

In England and Wales, hpv high risk quest nature of the offence is set out in the Suicide Act, making it no longer a criminal offence to attempt to commit or successfully commit suicide.

However s. In Scotland the position is somewhat different and perhaps a little less clear than it is in England and Wales.

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However, the anomaly arises where the person who aids or abets a suicide can be liable for prosecution hpv high risk quest an accomplice to a non-existent crime. In proven cases of assisted suicide, charges will be brought under the general laws of murder or culpable homicide manslaughter in England. UK law is therefore clear: assisting a suicide does constitute a criminal offence both north and south of the border and in most countries.

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Conclusion At the heart of the debate over end-of-life choices is the recognition that not all persons can be healed and not all suffering can be relieved. Health care professionals must recognise that sensitive and compassionate management of death is only one aspect of a longer dialogue about end-of-life choices. This dialogue should occur between those administering and those receiving health care. There can be no doubt that the desire for assisted suicide has increased hpv high risk quest the sophistication of medical technology.

It is not only the issue of technology that has fuelled this debate; intractable hpv high risk quest, dependence on others, loss of dignity are just some of the arguments advanced for assistance with hpv high risk quest.

Assisted suicide is an issue where the interests of the individual cannot be separated from those of society as a whole.

There may never be a simple solution to the debate. There are fears that decriminalising assisted suicide could lead to abuse and the possibility of killing someone who did not want to die. However, there is a forceful case for legislation.

Legal guidelines would turn a covert process into a transparent one; they would ensure that there is evidence of free and informed choice and, not least, it would allow those suffering from incurable conditions to die how they choose. Related files.