Hpv anorectal cancer, Semne și simptome
Background 1.
Incidence Anal canal cancer is a relatively rare tumor, representing approximately 1. It is approximately 20 to 30 times rarer than colon cancer, but its annual incidence is increasing, reaching up to cases, with a female predominance 2.
Ce este cancerul anal?
There is an important geographic variation regarding its incidence, as well as histopathological type. The mainstay of the treatment is represented by chemo-radiotherapy, radical being reserved to residual tumor or recurrences. Table 1; AJCC staging for anal cancer 2. Histopathology Depending on the lining epithelium, anal canal is divided into three regions: colorectal zone: located proximally and containg columnar epithelium; transitional zone: spread over a hpv anorectal cancer that varies between 0 and 12 mm that contains a pseudostratified type of epithelium resembling the urothelial one.
A transformation zone is unanimously accepted in uterine cancer. This region of metaplasia is extremely susceptible to HPV action 4 ; squamous zone: contains a non-keratinized epithelium, without hair follicles.
Hpv anorectal cancer, lymphomas and small cell carcinomas similar in terms of evolution and prognosis to lung small cell carcinomasundifferentiated carcinoma or anal GIST - only 17 cases hpv anorectal cancer in literature up to 7 - have also been reported.
Anal canal cancer diagnosis and treatment aspects
Concerning anal margin neoplasia, these are represented by: Bowen disease in situ squamous-cell carcinoma ; invasive squamous-cell carcinoma; Paget disease; basal cell carcinoma: an extremely rare tumor, approximately 20 cases having been reported in 20 years 28that is of good prognostic. The treatment consists in ample local resection or rectal amputation in case of sphincter invasion. TNM staging Anal cancer ficat si hpv anorectal cancer staging is based on tumor dimension, lymph node status and presence or absence of distance metastases.
The risk hpv anorectal cancer lymph node metastases is correlated with tumor size, invasion and grading. Risk factors Benign perianal pathology - perianal fissures and fistulas determine a chronic local inflammation that can lead to genetic alterations and have been incriminated as being etiologic factors.
Cancerul anal
However, hpv anorectal cancer studies did not show a significant correlation between this pathology and the development of anal carcinoma 8. Sexual activity - according to a study lead by Daling, patients with anal cancer had genital papillomatosis, type II Hpv anorectal cancer and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in their medical history. In the case of male patients, homosexuality, bisexuality, history of genital papilomatosis or gonorrhea have been associated to a higher risk of anal cancer 9.
Another study, published inadds to the risk factors, for females: history of gonorrhea, uterine cervix dysplasia, more than 10 sexual partners, anal sexual intercourse; for male patients: syphilis is another risk factor HPV infection - it is the widest spread sexually transmitted infection in Europe Anal HPV infection can be clinically inapparent or it may manifest as condyloma.
Of all HPV subtypes, subtype 16 is the most frequently incriminated as carcinogen. Viral transmission hpv anorectal cancer not influenced by the use of condoms as it is localized at the base of the penis and scrotum. Cigarette smoking - a study conducted in the early s highlighted a relative risk of 1.
Carcinogenesis associated to cigarette smoking can be linked to an anti-androgenic effect of tobacco. HIV infection - some studies showed an increase in anal canal cancer in seropositive patients. The severity and length of HPV infection are inversely proportional correlated to CD4 lymphocyte number. Immunocompromised patients, either due to HIV infection or to post-transplantation status or chemotherapy, have an increased risk of HPV infection and progression to squamous cell carcinoma Anatomy Surgical anal canal spreads from ano-rectal ring 2 cm above the dentate line to the external anal orifice.
Cancerul de canal anal - aspecte legate de diagnostic și tratament
Anal cancer must be distinguished from anal margin neoplasia that originates from the skin that presents perianal hair. Some authors consider a 5 cm distance from the external anal orifice as the lateral limit The correct classification of perianal neoplasia into hpv anorectal cancer two mentioned categories is extremely important as those of anal margin are of better prognosis.
Altogether, an erroneous classification could overestimate the role of radio-chemotherapy Pectinate line represents an extremely important landmark for the vascularization and lymph node drainage. Hpv anorectal cancer, above this line, venous drainage is to the portal circulation, by hpv anorectal cancer of inferior mesenteric vein and below venous blood drains into systemic circulation through pudendal and hypogastric veins.
Above the pectinate line lymphatics drain into the inferior mesenteric, but also to hypogastric and obturatory lymph nodes, while below pectinate line-especially to inguinal lymph nodes, but also to femoral ones Due to the resemblance to benign perianal hpv anorectal cancer, the diagnosis is too often delayed.
Clinical examination consists in the inspection of perianal skin, anal margin, hpv anorectal cancer examination and anoscopy and should indicate tumor localization above or below the pectinate line or its hpv anorectal cancer to anal margin.
Bilateral inguinal region palpation is mandatory due to the lymphatic drainage to those lymphatic groups. Echo-endoscopy points our eventual loco-regional lymphadenopathies and gynecologic examination can indicate the coexistence of a uterine cervix lesion.
The diagnostic of certainty is based on histopathologic examination.
Case Discussions: Synchronous Liver Metastases of Rectal Cancer
Bioptic samples can be easily obtained with the patient in gynecological position; however, colonoscopy with exploration up to the cecum is obligatory to exclude eventual synchronous lesions. As with other paraclinical investigations, a CT examination of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis or an MRI is recommended to point out possible secondary tumors. Untill the s, standard treatment consisted in abdominoperineal rectal amputation.
For patients having hpv anorectal cancer lesions, a large local excision has been proposed, accompanied however by disappointing results, excepting patients with a smaller than 2 cm anal margin hpv hpv anorectal cancer cancer Abdominoperineal rectal amputation is the standard salvage therapy for patients who develop local recurrences.
Tumor invasion into neighboring organs is not a contraindication of resection, provided a R0 resection is achieved. This fact has lead to the use of rotated or advanced musculocutaneous flaps to ameliorate the healing process.
Provided the pelvic disease is controlled, isolated liver or lung metastases have indications for surgical resection. Due to significant morbidity and the relatively low impact on survival, prophylactic inguinal lymphadenectomy is not recommended Inguinal hpv anorectal cancer is indicated for patients with voluminous lymphatic blocks or to hpv anorectal cancer with an obvious hpv anorectal cancer anorectal cancer after chemo-radiotherapy Some authors recommend hpv anorectal cancer synchronous lymphadenopathies inguinal lymphadenectomy with chemo- and radiotherapy following the healing of the wound.
For metachronous hpv anorectal cancer, the treatment hpv anorectal cancer of lymphadenectomy followed by radiotherapy. The complications of the intervention consist in: wound dehiscence, hematomas, seromas, lymphoceles and lymphedema. Cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin ; 2. CA Cancer J Clin ; International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Cancer incidence in five continents. Springer Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven; Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes. Cancer ; 85 8 — 7.
Cancerul de canal anal - aspecte legate de diagnostic și tratament
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the hpv anorectal cancer. Tech Coloproctol ; Anal cancer incidence: genital warts, anal fissure or fistula, hemorrhoids, and smoking.
J Natl Cancer Inst ; Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. N Engl J Med Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. Declety G - Cancer de canal anal in Hpv anorectal cancer cancers digestifs.
Springer, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. Cancer Res
