Urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma


Background 1. Incidence Anal canal cancer is a relatively rare tumor, representing urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma 1. It is approximately 20 to 30 times rarer than colon cancer, but its annual incidence is increasing, reaching up to cases, with a female predominance 2.

There is an important geographic variation regarding its incidence, as well as histopathological type. The mainstay of the urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma is represented by chemo-radiotherapy, radical surgery being reserved to residual tumor or recurrences.

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Table 1; AJCC staging for anal cancer 2. Histopathology Depending on the lining epithelium, anal canal is divided into three regions: colorectal zone: located proximally and containg columnar epithelium; transitional zone: spread over a distance that varies between 0 and 12 mm that contains papillary thyroid cancer cure rate pseudostratified type of epithelium resembling the urothelial one.

A transformation zone is unanimously accepted in uterine cancer.

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This region of metaplasia is extremely susceptible to HPV action 4 ; squamous zone: contains a non-keratinized epithelium, without hair follicles. Leiomyosarcomas, lymphomas and small cell carcinomas similar in terms of urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma and prognosis to lung small cell carcinomasundifferentiated carcinoma or anal GIST - only 17 cases described in literature up to 7 - have also been urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma.

Concerning anal margin neoplasia, these are represented by: Bowen disease in situ squamous-cell carcinoma ; invasive squamous-cell carcinoma; Paget disease; basal cell carcinoma: an extremely rare tumor, approximately 20 cases having been reported in 20 years 28 urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma, that is of good prognostic. The treatment consists in ample local resection or rectal amputation in case of sphincter invasion.

TNM staging Anal cancer staging is based on tumor dimension, lymph node status and presence or absence of distance metastases. The risk of lymph node metastases is correlated with tumor size, invasion and grading.

Since that time, new data have become available, these have been incorporated into the Monograph, and taken into consideration in the present evaluation. Exposure Data 1. Types and ethanol content of alcoholic beverages 1. Types of alcoholic beverages The predominant types of commercially produced alcoholic urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma are beer, wine and spirits.

Risk factors Benign perianal urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma - perianal fissures and fistulas determine a chronic local inflammation that can lead to genetic alterations and have been incriminated as being etiologic factors. However, recent studies did not show a significant correlation between this pathology and the development of anal carcinoma 8.

Sexual activity - according to a study lead by Daling, patients with anal cancer had genital papillomatosis, type II HSV and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in their medical urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma. In the case of male patients, homosexuality, bisexuality, history of genital papilomatosis or gonorrhea have been associated to a higher risk of anal cancer 9. Another study, published inadds to the risk factors, for females: history of gonorrhea, uterine cervix dysplasia, more than 10 sexual partners, anal sexual intercourse; urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma male patients:  syphilis is another risk factor HPV infection - it is the widest spread sexually transmitted infection in Europe Anal HPV infection can be clinically inapparent or it may manifest as condyloma.

Cancerul de canal anal - aspecte legate de diagnostic și tratament

Of all HPV subtypes, subtype 16 is the most frequently urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma as carcinogen. Viral transmission is not influenced by the use of condoms as it is localized at the base of the penis and scrotum. Cigarette smoking - a study conducted in the early s highlighted a relative risk of 1.

Carcinogenesis associated to cigarette smoking can be linked to an anti-androgenic effect of tobacco.

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HIV infection - some studies showed an increase in anal canal cancer in seropositive patients. The severity and length of HPV infection are inversely proportional correlated to CD4 lymphocyte number. Immunocompromised patients, either due to HIV infection or to post-transplantation status or chemotherapy, have an increased risk of HPV infection and progression to squamous cell carcinoma Anatomy Surgical anal canal spreads from ano-rectal ring 2 cm above the dentate line to the external anal orifice.

Anal cancer must be distinguished from anal margin neoplasia that originates from the skin that presents perianal hair. Some authors consider a 5 cm distance from the external anal orifice as the lateral limit The correct classification of perianal neoplasia into the two mentioned categories is extremely important as those of anal margin are of better prognosis.

Altogether, an erroneous classification could overestimate the role of radio-chemotherapy Pectinate line represents an extremely important landmark for the vascularization and lymph node drainage.

Thus, above this line, venous drainage is to the portal circulation, by way of inferior mesenteric vein and below venous blood drains into systemic circulation through pudendal and hypogastric veins.

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Above the pectinate line lymphatics drain into the inferior mesenteric, but also to hypogastric and obturatory lymph nodes, while below pectinate line-especially to inguinal lymph nodes, but also to femoral ones Due to the resemblance to benign perianal pathology, the diagnosis is too often delayed. Clinical examination consists in the inspection of perianal skin, anal margin, rectal examination and anoscopy and should indicate tumor localization above or below the pectinate line or its pertaining to anal margin.

Bilateral inguinal region palpation is mandatory due to the lymphatic drainage to those lymphatic groups. Echo-endoscopy points our eventual loco-regional lymphadenopathies and gynecologic examination can indicate the coexistence of a uterine cervix lesion.

The diagnostic of certainty is based on histopathologic examination. Bioptic urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma can be easily obtained with the patient in urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma position; however, colonoscopy with exploration up to the cecum is obligatory to exclude eventual synchronous lesions.

As with other paraclinical investigations, a CT examination of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis or an MRI is recommended to point out possible secondary tumors.

Specificații

Untill the s, standard treatment consisted in abdominoperineal rectal amputation. For patients having small lesions, a large local excision has been proposed, accompanied however by disappointing results, excepting patients with a smaller than 2 cm anal margin cancer Abdominoperineal rectal amputation is the standard salvage therapy for patients who develop local recurrences.

Tumor invasion into neighboring organs is not a contraindication of resection, provided a R0 resection hpv impfung statistik achieved. This fact has lead to the use of rotated or advanced musculocutaneous flaps to ameliorate the healing process. Provided the pelvic disease is controlled, urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma liver or lung metastases have indications for surgical resection.

Due to urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma morbidity and the relatively low impact on survival, prophylactic inguinal lymphadenectomy is not recommended Inguinal lymphadenectomy is indicated for urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma with voluminous lymphatic blocks or to those with an obvious lymphadenopathy after chemo-radiotherapy Some authors recommend for synchronous lymphadenopathies inguinal lymphadenectomy with chemo- urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma radiotherapy following the healing of the wound.

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For metachronous lymphadenopathies, the treatment consists of lymphadenectomy followed by radiotherapy. The complications of the intervention consist in: wound dehiscence, hematomas, seromas, lymphoceles and lymphedema. Cancer statistics, CA Cancer J Clin ; 2. CA Cancer J Clin ; International Agency for Research on Cancer.

urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma

Cancer incidence in five continents. Springer Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven; Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment, and outcomes.

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Cancer ; 85 urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma — 7. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the anus. Tech Coloproctol ; Anal cancer incidence: genital warts, anal fissure or fistula, hemorrhoids, and smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst ; Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. N Engl J Med Sexually transmitted infection as a cause of anal cancer. Declety G - Cancer de canal anal in Les cancers digestifs.

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Springer, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in anal intraepithelial neoplasia urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma anal cancer. Cancer Res Am J Epidemiol. Tobacco smoking as a risk factor in anal carcinoma: an antiestrogenic mechanism?

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Mullerat J, Northover J. Human papilloma virus and anal neoplastic lesions in the immunocompromised Transplant patient.

Cancerul de canal anal - aspecte legate de diagnostic și tratament

Semin Colon Rectal Surg ; Results of urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma irradiation in a series of epidermoid carcinomas of the anal canal. Management of inguinal lymph node metastases in patients with carcinoma of the anal canal: experience in a series of patients treated in Lyon and review of the literature.

Cancer ; Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. Lancet ; Anal carcinoma: histology, staging, epidemiology, treatment.

Curr Opin Oncol ; Surgical management of epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Am J Surg. Salvage abdomino-perineal resection after failed Nigro protocol: modest succes, major morbidity.

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Diagnostic Pathology: Cytopathology

Salvage abdominoperineal resection following combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus. Ann Surg Oncol ; 1: Results of surgical salvage after failed chemoradiation therapy for epidermoid carcinoma urothelial papilloma vs carcinoma the anal canal.

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Ann Surg Oncol. Malignant tumors of the anal canal: the spectrum of disease, treatment and outcomes. Appraisal of the treatment of carcinoma of the anus and anal canal. Surg Gynecol Obstet ; Surgical management of metastatic inguinal lymphadeopathy.

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Recurrent epidermoid cancer of the anus. Cancer ; Basal cell carcinoma of the perianal region. Dis Colon Rectum ; Cummings BJ. Oncology ; Does an erroneous diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal and anal margin at first physician visit influence prognosis?

Metastases to the lymph nodes in respiratory papillomatosis medication carcinoma of the anal canal studied by a clearing technique.